Quadrature Amplitude Modulation free essay sample

Because of the  orthogonality  property of the carrier signals, it is possible to detect the modulating signals independently. In the ideal case  I(t)  is demodulated by multiplying the transmitted signal with a cosine signal: [pic] Using standard  trigonometric identities, we can write it as: [pic] Low-pass filtering  ri(t)  removes the high frequency terms (containing  4? f0t), leaving only the  I(t)  term. This filtered signal is unaffected by  Q(t), showing that the in-phase component can be received independently of the quadrature component. Similarly, we may multiply  s(t)  by a sine wave and then low-pass filter to extract  Q(t). The phase of the received signal is assumed to be known accurately at the receiver. If the demodulating phase is even a little off, it results in  crosstalk  between the modulated signals. This issue ofcarrier synchronization  at the receiver must be handled somehow in QAM systems. The coherent demodulator needs to be exactly in phase with the received signal, or otherwise the modulated signals cannot be independently received. We will write a custom essay sample on Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example  analog television  systems transmit a burst of the transmitting colour subcarrier after each horizontal synchronization pulse for reference. Analog QAM is used in  NTSC  and  PAL  television systems, where the I- and Q-signals carry the components of chroma (colour) information. Compatible QAM or  C-QUAM  is used in  AM stereo  radio to carry the  stereo difference  information. [edit]Fourier analysis of QAM In the  frequency domain, QAM has a similar spectral pattern to  DSB-SC  modulation. Using the  properties of the Fourier transform, we find that: [pic] here  S(f),  MI(f) and  MQ(f) are the Fourier transforms (frequency-domain representations) of  s(t),  I(t) and  Q(t), respectively. [edit]Quantized QAM [pic] [pic] Digital 16-QAM with example constellation points. Like many digital modulation schemes, the  constellation diagram  is a useful representation. In QAM, the constellation points are usually arranged in a squa re grid with equal vertical and horizontal spacing, although other configurations are possible (e. g. Cross-QAM). Since in digitaltelecommunications  the data are usually  binary, the number of points in the grid is usually a power of 2 (2, 4, 8 . Since QAM is usually square, some of these are rare—the most common forms are 16-QAM, 64-QAM and 256-QAM. By moving to a higher-order constellation, it is possible to transmit more  bits  per  symbol. However, if the mean energy of the constellation is to remain the same (by way of making a fair comparison), the points must be closer together and are thus more susceptible to  noise  and other corruption; this results in a higher  bit error rate  and so higher-order QAM can deliver more data less reliably than lower-order QAM, for constant mean constellation energy. If data-rates beyond those offered by 8-PSK  are required, it is more usual to move to QAM since it achieves a greater distance between adjacent points in the I-Q plane by distributing the points more evenly. The complicating factor is that the points are no longer all the same amplitude and so the  demodulator  must now correctly detect both  phase  and  amplitude, rather than just phase. 64-QAM and 256-QAM are often used in  digital cable  television and  cable modem  applications. In the United States, 64-QAM and 256-QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for  digital cable  (see  QAM tuner) as standardised by the  SCTE  in the standard  ANSI/SCTE 07 2000. Note that many marketing people will refer to these as QAM-64 and QAM-256. In the UK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are currently used for  digital terrestrial television  (Freeview  and  Top Up TV) and 256-QAM is planned for Freeview-HD. Communication systems designed to achieve very high levels of  spectral efficiency  usually employ very dense QAM constellations. One example is the  ITU-T  G. n  standard for networking over existing home wiring (coaxial cable,  phone lines  and  power lines), which employs constellations up to 4096-QAM (12 bits/symbol). Another example is  VDSL2  technology for copper twisted pairs, whose constellation size goes up to 32768 points. [edit]Ideal structure [edit]Transmitter The following picture shows the ideal structure of a QAM transmitter, wit h a  carrier frequency  f0  and the frequency response of the transmitters filter  Ht: [pic] First the flow of bits to be transmitted is split into two equal parts: this process generates two independent signals to be transmitted. They are encoded separately just like they were in an  amplitude-shift keying  (ASK) modulator. Then one channel (the one in phase) is multiplied by a cosine, while the other channel (in quadrature) is multiplied by a sine. This way there is a phase of 90 ° between them. They are simply added one to the other and sent through the real channel. The sent signal can be expressed in the form: [pic] where  vc[n]  and  vs[n]  are the voltages applied in response to the  nth  symbol to the cosine and sine waves respectively. [edit]Receiver The receiver simply performs the inverse process of the transmitter. Its ideal structure is shown in the picture below with  Hr  the receive filters frequency response  : [pic] Multiplying by a cosine (or a sine) and by a low-pass filter it is possible to extract the component in phase (or in quadrature). Then there is only an  ASK  demodulator and the two flows of data are merged back. In practice, there is an unknown phase delay between the transmitter and receiver that must be compensated by  synchronization  of the receivers local oscillator, i. e. the sine and cosine functions in the above figure. In mobile applications, there will often be an offset in the relative  frequency  as well, due to the possible presence of a Doppler shift proportional to the relative velocity of the transmitter and receiver. Both the phase and frequency variations introduced by the channel must be compensated by properly tuning the sine and cosine components, which requires a  phase reference, and is typically accomplished using a  Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). In any application, the low-pass filter will be within  hr  (t): here it was shown just to be clearer. [edit]Quantized QAM performance The following definitions are needed in determining error rates: M  = Number of symbols in modulation constellation Eb  = Energy-per-bit Es  = Energy-per-symbol =  kEb  with  k  bits per symbol N0  =  Noise  power spectral density  (W/Hz) Pb  =  Probability  of bit-error Pbc  = Probability of bit-error per carrier Ps  = Probability of symbol-error Psc  = Probability of symbol-error per carrier [pic]. Q(x)  is related to the  complementary Gaussian error function  by:  [pic], which is the probability that  x  will be under the tail of the Gaussian  PDF  towards positive  infinity. The error rates quoted here are those in  additive  white  Gaussian noise  (AWGN). Where  coordinates  for constellation points are given in this article, note that they represent a  non-normalised  constellation. That is, if a particular mean average energy were required (e. g. unit average energy), the constellation would need to be linearly scaled. [edit]Rectangular QAM [pic] [pic] Constellation diagram  for rectangular 16-QAM. Rectangular QAM constellations are, in general, sub-optimal in the sense that they do not maximally space the constellation points for a given energy. However, they have the considerable advantage that they may be easily transmitted as two  pulse amplitude modulation  (PAM) signals on quadrature carriers, and can be easily demodulated. The non-square constellations, dealt with below, achieve marginally better bit-error rate (BER) but are harder to modulate and demodulate. The first rectangular QAM constellation usually encountered is 16-QAM, the constellation diagram for which is shown here. A  Gray coded  bit-assignment is also given.

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism Audrey Flack, born May 30, 1931, is an American artist. Her work, primarily painting and sculpture, has placed her at the forefront of pop art and photorealism. Fast Facts: Audrey Flack Full Name:  Audrey L. FlackOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Pioneering the photorealist genre of art, particularly with portrayals of women, everyday objects, and moments in relatively recent history.Born: May 30, 1931 in New York CityNotable Works:  Kennedy Motorcade (1964), Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), World War II (Vanitas) (1978) Early Life and Education Flack was born in New York City in 1931, in the northern Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. As a teenager, she attended a specialized arts public institution, the High School of Music and Art. Her formal art education began in 1948, when she began her studies at New York’s Cooper Union. Flack remained there until 1951 and was then recruited to Yale, largely thanks to the influence of German-American artist Josef Albers (who was then in charge of Yale’s art department). While at Yale, Flack continued developing her own style while being influenced by her teachers and mentors. In particular, her early work demonstrated an Abstract Expressionist style in the vein of Albers’ work. Flack graduated with her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1952. The following year, she returned to New York and studied art history for a year at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts. Abstract to Realism At first, Flack’s work in the 1950s was a clear offshoot of her training with abstract expressionists. She also embraced â€Å"kitschiness† in a self-aware, ironic way. However, as time went on, she began to feel that the abstract expressionist style she was utilizing was not achieving what she felt was an important goal: communicating with audiences. Because of this desire to create art that was clearer to viewers, Flack began moving towards realism. Portrait of artist Audrey Flack sits next to a painting of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy riding in the back of a limousine on the day he was assassinated.   Nancy R. Schiff / Getty Images She enrolled in the Art Students League (ASL), where she studied anatomy under the tutelage of Robert Beverly Hale, and began finding inspiration in artists from past eras rather than more recent movements. Her work began to be categorized in the â€Å"New Realism† movement, and, eventually, shifted all the way into photorealism, in which an artist attempts to reproduce a photographed image as realistically as possible in a different medium. Flack was one of the first students at the ASL to fully embrace photorealism and use photographs as reference for her work. Photorealism, in many ways, is a sister genre to pop art: depicting ordinary, mundane items, often as still-lifes that imitate the realism of photography as closely as possible. In 1966, Flack became the first photorealist painter to have work in the collection at the Museum of Modern Art.   Increased Influence In some cases, Flack’s work moved past the typical still life paintings and depicted historical events. One of her most famous works is Kennedy Motorcade, November 22, 1963, which, as its title suggests, depicts a scene from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Her historical paintings, including her Vanitas works, often featured some kind of socio-political commentary. Her still life paintings often did as well; for instance, her paintings of female-coded items such as makeup and perfume bottles tended to involve some commentary on gender roles and constructs. Portrait of gallery owner Louis Meisel and artist Audrey Flack and her hyper-realist painting of Marilyn Monroe, New York, New York, March 10, 1978. Allan Tannenbaum / Getty Images In the early 1970s, Flack developed a new technique for her paintings. Instead of just using a photograph as a reference, she actually projected it as a slide onto the canvas, then developed an airbrushing technique to create the layers of paint. The 1970s also saw Flack paint her Vanitas series, which depicted everything from jewelry to scenes of WWII concentration camps. By the 1980s, however, Flack had switched her primary medium from painting to sculpture. She is entirely self-taught in sculpture, as opposed to her significant formal training in painting. There are also other significant differences in her sculptural works versus her paintings. For instance, where her paintings focused on ordinary objects or historical scenes, her sculptures tend to depict religious and mythological subjects. For the most part, women are depicted in her sculptures, representing somewhat idealized but imperfect and diverse variations on the female form and femininity itself. Contemporary Work In the 1990s and 2000s, Flack had a fair amount of work commissioned. At one point, she was commissioned to create a statue of Catherine of Braganza, the British queen after whom the New York City borough of Queens was named; the project met with several objections and was never completed. More recently, her statues Recording Angel  and  Colossal Head of Daphne  (both completed between 2006 and 2008) were commissioned by and installed in Nashville, Tennessee. Audrey Flacks Recording Angel statue stands outside the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee.   Raymond Boyd / Getty Images In more recent years, Flack has returned to her roots. Finding the photorealist movement rather â€Å"restricting,† she shifted back to Baroque influences. She wrote a book in 1986, collecting her thoughts on art and being an artist. Flack has also taught and lectured both in America and abroad. Currently, she is an honorary professor at George Washington University and a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. She is based out of New York, where she splits her time between New York City and Long Island. Sources Blumberg, Naomi and Ida Yalzadeh. â€Å"Audrey Flack: American Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Audrey-Flack.Flack, Audrey.  Art Soul: Notes on Creating, New York, Dutton, 1986.Morgan, Robert C. â€Å"Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting.† The Brooklyn Rail, 5 Nov. 2010, https://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting.

Organizational Behavior †Analysis of Wal-Mart

Organizational Behavior – Analysis of Wal-Mart Free Online Research Papers All organization has its individual distinctive behaviors, the uniqueness that symbolizes the organization’s traditions of constructing pleasant relations by accomplishing individual, organizational, and social goals. This characteristic in the organization culture is what identifies the business. The organization’s thinking, ethics, mission, vision, goals and objectives, communication, ability to grip changes, culture and knowledge positions as its form structure which the organization draws its purpose. Every small nicety of the behavioral part in a company are included in regulation currently identified as organizational behavior. Its function is to assemble healthier associations by accomplishing individual, organizational, and social objectives. Organizational behavior includes a broad collection of focus, such as human behavior, change, leadership, teams. Organizational Behavior (OB) is a broad study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in their respective organizations. Typically, organizations employ structure approach that interprets the individual organization relationships beginning at the least to the entire social system .Organizational Behavior is in the basic term which consists of the diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management. Wal-mart Stores has publicly owned American Corporation, and currently the nation’s largest company. This paper entails an examination on the organizational behavior displayed by Wal-Mart Corporation. Organizational culture is the persona of the company. According to Carter McNamara (2000), â€Å"Culture involves the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs (artifacts) of organization members and their behaviors.† Organizational culture is also recognized as casual behaviors that an organization and its workers accept as their approach to doing business. Many of Sam Waltons values replicas these descriptions of corporate culture, which is the part of the culture that appeals to customers. Go into any Wal-Mart at 7 a.m. and the customer may take notice of something a little bizarre, such as a cheer performed to Wal-mart employees. Wal-Mart has a cheer. Wal-Marts founder, Sam Walton, was in Korea touring a tennis ball manufactory and he saw the employees do a cheer and exercises established by the company which is done every morning. He incorporated a daily cheer into the day to day activities of the Wal-Mart Corporation, which is now part of the Wal-Mart culture. This rites performed by Wal-Mart employees is merely one instance of the numerous elements of organizational culture that Sam Walton worked to inspire in the employees who work for the Wal-Mart Corporation. The culture establishes the style of leadership, communication, and group dynamics inside the company. The employees identify this as the way of work life which expresses his or her level of motivation. The ultimate result is performance, employee fulfillment, and individual growth and improvement. All these fundamentals combine makes the mold or structure that Wal-Mart operates. Part of organizational behavior and culture is diversity, communication, business ethics, and change management. Diversity is individuals who has distinctive perceptions or outlooks that he or she can bring to the business. As the worlds largest retailer Wal-Mart value diversity and promote a work atmosphere that enhances the individual and proficient practice of the organization’s employees. Wal-Mart makes diversity a component of their company plan; guaranteeing the company can maintain being a worldwide leader in all portions of Diversity and Inclusion (Wal-Mart, 2007). Wal-Mart not only value diversity also places much emphasis on company business ethics. In the past years, Wal-Mart has found themselves under fire for their business ethics. Although Wal-mart declares to be a company established on family principles, many believe otherwise. Wal-Mart is branded as the friendly neighborhood supermarket, however, until lately; Wal-Mart has themselves in the hot seat fighting unjust employment practice lawsuits. A worker employed by Wal-Mart in New York has charged the nation’s top merchant of unjust labor practices. The lawsuit was filed in a New York state court on behalf of more than 10,000 existing and past workers of Wal-Mart and stores affiliated with Wal-Mart stores in New York. The grievance maintains at Wal-Mart practices unfair compensation to employees and forcing workers to work while not on the clock. Business ethics is the use of moral values to business behavior. Business pertains to every part of the company’s code of conduct, starting at the highest level of management, how companies care for their staff and merchants to sales practices and bookkeeping practices. Ethics goes further than the lawful requirements for the company and is, hence, about optional choices and behavior directed by values. Business ethics is important to the dealings of the employees and to the activities of the company as a whole. â€Å"Communication is the key to avoid any unethical business practices. Communication is the glue that holds organizations together. It is the way we share information, ideas, goals, directions, expectations, feelings, and emotions in the context of coordinated action.† (Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn, 2008 p. 318) Change management has help Wal-mart to turn around all the bad in the company. Change management is a methodical advance to dealing with change, equally from the standpoint of a company and on the individual point. Change management has at three diverse features, adapting to change, controlling change, and effecting change. For any organization, change management represents determining and applying measures and knowledge to implement changes in the company’s surroundings and to benefit from changing chances. The largest corporation has organizational behavior and culture. These characteristics are what shapes the company and make the company stand out from others. Wal-mart deals with the day to day functions of being a successful business. Communication, business ethics, diversity, and change management are a part of Wal-Mart’s activities. These things are important to the success of any company not just Wal-Mart. The outcome is performance, employee fulfillment, and individual growth and improvement. Reference McNamara, Carter (2000) Organizational Culture. Retrieved on November 22, 2008 from managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htm Schermerhorn, John, R., Hunt, James, G., Osborn, Richard, N., (2008) Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). Wiley, New York, NY Wal-Mart (2006) Diversity. Retrieved on November 23, 2008 from http://walmartstores.com/Diversity/ Research Papers on Organizational Behavior - Analysis of Wal-MartSociology EssayExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesDr. Edward Deming EssayGoogle Research PaperGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsEmployment Law EssayGene One the Transition from Private to PublicWhat are Stock OptionsSociology is a ScienceInternational Paper

Writing Prompts for Paragraphs

Writing Prompts for Paragraphs Use the following topic sentences as prompts to help you discover fresh images, examples, and narrative details. Following the guidelines in parenthesis, rely on your imagination and experience to develop each idea in a paragraph of at least four or five sentences. The van swerved across three lanes of traffic and headed straight for the front door of the pizza parlor.(What happened next?) A good parent provides discipline as well as affection.(Explain why or give examples.) People who value their privacy probably shouldnt be on Facebook.(Use specific examples to explain why.) With a tambourine in one hand, Merdine clambered onto the roof of her trailer during the thunderstorm.(What did she do there?) To discourage burglars from entering your house or apartment, you need to take a number of precautions.(Recommend some specific precautions.) Certain movies and TV programs reflect the violent times we live in.(Offer some examples.) Ill never forget how I felt on my first day in this classroom.(Describe your feelings.) As my friend and I crept down the dark hallway of the old abandoned house, we heard the floorboards creak and the wind whistle through the cracked glass in the window frames.(What happened next?) A good teacher can help you get thro ugh even the most difficult course.(Give examples to demonstrate how this is so.) In many small ways we can all help to protect the environment.(Offer some specific examples.) NEXT:50 Quick Writing Prompts

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective Essay - 6

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective - Essay Example Theorists such as Krugman, Chandler, and Rugman have developed theories that eliminate the weaknesses of the diamond model. According to Porter, he argues that the success of a nation is dependent on the prosperity of its firms. The nation acts as home base essential for an organization’s economic growth and provides competitive advantages. Porter uses the Diamond concept in determining economic growth rate of a nation. The Diamond concept offers a concept of understanding firms and their management of resources. It also gives the competitive advantages of different businesses in a nation. The first attribute is the factor condition, which is crucial to organizations growth. This attribute helps in improving cluster structure. The cluster structure involves the relation between customer, skill, technology, and distribution of products. These clusters are vital in attaining economic success at a national level. – example ? The Italian tile industry gained competitive advantage because of the cluster structure of the business. Organizations in the industry relate well with customers and they have workers who have essential skills of producing the product. The industry has also succeeded because of the use of the kiln technology, which helps in minimizing the cost of energy used to produce tiles. The industry developed this technology after the oil crisis of the 1980s, which motivated companies to develop new ways of remaining competitive. The second attribute is demand conditions, which concerns with home market nature such as home demand influence. The home demand can be affected by customer’s wants and needs (e.g local demand of product). The domestic demand plays a significant role in shaping an organization’s innovativeness and ability to upgrade, which are vital in determining breakthrough of the organization in the national market. – example? The wine producing industry in France has developed

The State of American Employment Research Paper

The State of American Employment - Research Paper Example The State of American Employment This shows somehow a stable state of the economy; however, further analysis of the statistics could portray otherwise. Motoko (par 3); Shah & Lee (par 10) say that politicians could term such statistics as weak and troubling because they could assert that despite an increase in employment opportunities, the growth in job market cannot match the increasing number of those seeking jobs hence an increase in the unemployed. These small changes are also described by Barro (par 1) as dismal in terms of economic recovery. The State of American Employment Age and Student Debt The teenagers in the age group of 16 to 19 years recorded an unemployment rate of 23.7% which did not change from the previous month. This was remarkably higher than that of adult males who had an employment rate of 7.3% and 7.2% recorded for adult females. This clearly shows that with an increase in age, there is greater job stability. Adults have job experience as compared to their inexperienced teenagers. There was n o change in the unemployment rate among the teenagers between 16 to 19 years of age; this was similar to adult males where the rate stood at 7.3% while the females recorded an increase of 0.2% (US Bureau of Statistics) The youths as consequence of unemployment are finding it hard to sustain themselves. Rampell (par 1) states that in this generation, the future of the young looks bleak. She says only one out of six young people work full time. Most of the young are struggling to put up with their parents; three out of five live with their parents. 73% of young people believe they need more education to find a better career, but only half of this percentage confirms they will enroll in the near future. Among the unemployed youths recent graduates are included. Weisman (par 6) in his article â€Å"53% of recent grads are underemployed or Jobless† says that, recent graduates are likely to work as waiters, waitress, bartenders, and food service helpers than as engineers, doctors, physicists, or mathematicians. However, most graduates will not take these jobs because the college degree is very expensive and students accumulate debts during the course of their studies. Re-servicing these loans is much harder when you are working for low salaries. Secondly, when college graduates ta ke up a low-paid or low-skill job, they're probably taking the place of a less educated worker. Krugman (par 11) argues that the debt burden is not the main problem facing the youths but it is, rather, the lack of jobs, which is preventing many graduates from getting started on their working lives. Gender and Employment Stability Analysis based on gender show that women have a slight edge over the males when it comes to job stability. The unemployment rate for women 16 years and over was 7.7% up by 0.2% from the previous month, while the rate for the males in the same age group was recorded as 8.0% and showed no change from the previous month. When the age is raised to 20 and above, the unemployment rate for women is 7.2 up by 0.2% from the previous month, while the men have an unemployment rate of 7.3% which had no change from the previous month. This statistics clearly indicate that the job stability between sexes is almost becoming equal. Both the young Males and females suffer f rom a high rate of unemployment as expressed by the fact that when the age is increased from 16 to 20 the unemployment goes down by 0.5% for females and 0.7% for

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scenario - Essay Example Nowadays, the sight of different non-governmental organizations actively participating in the community is a normal scenario. They become active members of the community as a means of generating change. The government, on the other hand, has its own plans on eliminating the different quandaries faced by the community. This is a way of fostering social responsibility. However, with the rise of individualism, man, who is a social being, diverts from the calling of his fellowmen. Thus, social responsibility is now in question. The clich statement, "no man is an island", greatly describes the need of man for others. Man is significantly affected by others' thoughts, feelings and behaviors whether or not others are present. It simply indicates that man is prone to social influence and can be manipulated by social situations. Therefore, man cannot separate himself from others since every thought, feeling, and action elicited by others, has a large impact on his very existence. The community is dealing with different predicaments, from poverty, political issues, diminishing values etc. The government acts as its chief protector against these problems. Poverty, which is said to be mostly the root cause of other problems, is dealt by the government by aiding the poor children in public schools with free breakfast.

Managerial Decision making essay 6 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Decision making 6 - Essay Example Despite the enormous pressures through sanctions and other measures by the US and its allies, Iran has held ground that it will not stop its nuclear programs. After many rounds of negotiations, it is clear that the US cannot achieve its goal of convincing Iran to stop its nuclear programs and hence this stalemate will have to be addressed by approaching the negotiation table using other approaches. In a stalemate negotiation, the issues of concern must shift from hard-line positions to new ones, which will ensure that the fears of each group are met and addressed. In this case, the solution shifts from a competitive approach where each group wants to win, to a new approach where each group wins, that is, a win-win solution (Bazerman & Moore, 2009). In these negotiations, the issues always boil down to US wanting to reduce Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and Iran seeking to maintain them, which leads to a stalemate at the end. In such a negotiation, it is important to identify th e issues of agreement between the two parties, then the issues of contention and hence decide where to compromise and also where necessary come up with new solutions discussed together on the table. Further the two groups must now frame the agendas of the negotiations in a more promising way. Like in any negotiation, cognitive mistakes can happen in such a negotiation. Such mistakes include irrational escalation of commitment, self –serving biases, negotiator overconfidence and issues and problem framing. To avoid irrational escalation of commitment, it is important to have an external advisor, who warns the group when they start acting irrationally when in the heat of the negotiations. In addition, to self-serving biases, it is important for negotiators to listen to others and consider their motivations for their positions in the process (Foreman & Selly, 2001). Negotiator overconfidence may lead negotiators to believe that their

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example Most of these incidents are of different nature which is due to the lack safety measures adopted by the people. Many incidents have been recorded in the year 2012 which occurred due to the avoidance of wearing a helmet while climbing mountains which results in head injuries when people fall off from greater heights. The particular injury is very critical because it provides little chances of survival (LAMRT, 2012). Injuries can occur due to poor weather can easily result in a death of a person. Casualties occur if weather is not forecasted by people and even a slightest storm can end a life of a human being. However, rarely it has been reported that casualties occur due to bad weather because the rescue team spreads awareness to the people on ground in taking precautionary measures against bad weather. An incident number 89 was reported that a woman became ill due to heavy rain and was escorted to the hospital for further treatment. Similar incidents have been reported due to which people were found missing until they found the rescue team to escort back to their camps (LAMRT, 2012). Leg and ankle injury is common in Lake District because there are many casualties reported by the rescue team because the ground is very steep and slippery in nature and requires deliberation in maintain balance on the ground. An incident number 85 in 20012 was reported to have lower leg injury which was occurred due to wet grounds on the field of Lake District. However, the woman was rescued by the team and received a minor injury. One amongst three casualties is reported for leg injury due to wet grounds (LAMRT, 2012). Navigational errors are frequent in nature due to which people lost their way back to camp or get delayed to return. An incident number 79 was reported to have lost their way due to navigational error at the Gibson Knott. As it was dark they were lost and standing there waiting for light to

Thinking Like an Engineeering Essay Example for Free

Thinking Like an Engineeering Essay Summary of Michael Davis’ Thinking like an Engineer January 31, 2005 By: Harley Christensen  © 2005 www. harleyc. com Engineers have long considered themselves to be â€Å"professionals†, made possible by their near general adoption and use, formal affiliations aside, of a code of ethics. Varying code of ethics drafts are effective only through the actions of the engineers who abide by them. In his essay â€Å"Thinking like an Engineer†, Michael Davis gives examples of ethical challenges facing engineers , and takes direct aim at validating the use of ethical codes by the engineering profession. As a climactic opening, Davis relates the story of the Challenger space shuttle, highlighting not the disaster itself, but the dilemma of an engineer, Robert Lund, responsible for approving the launch. Sandwiched between his assumed application of a professional ethical code and the wishes of a capitalistic corporation, Lund decides (seemingly contrary to ethical code) to launch the shuttle. Given that the loss of life caused by this event is widely known, most readers would quickly conclude that Lund’s decision was absolutely incorrect, without first considering the true nature of the dilemma he faced. The Challenger disaster is hardly an effective example on which to base an evaluation of this type. Setting Lund aside for a time, Davis gives a simplistic description of the need for ethics in engineering, and which groups are benefited as such. He establishes that members of an â€Å"organized profession† have need for a formalized code to conglomerate them in the eyes of those they serve. Continuing, he gives excellent explanations of how engineering ethical codes provide â€Å"a guide to what engineers may reasonably expect of one another†. His core point, that ethical codes provide the â€Å"rules of the game† for engineers. With a professional code in place, it is up to the engineers to obey the code on an individual level. Davis states that engineers are not held to their ethical code by â€Å"anything so contingent as a promise, oath, or vow†, they participate in their profession under the statutes of the ethical code on their own accord. Drawing upon Lund’s decisions , Davis effectively demonstrates that in order for a code of ethics to be truly effective, it must be properly understood and applied. Otherwise, the benefits of being an â€Å"organized profession† will not be wholly realized. Davis shows that within the engineering profession, interpretation challenges arise from both an individual’s understanding of the ethical code wording, as well as the contexts in which they are to be applied. To drive his point, Davis gives a tiresome analysis of the meaning of the word â€Å"public†. Though relevant, his definitions do little to add weight to his arguments. In closing, Davis reiterates the responsibility that professional engineers have to correctly abide by their ethical code. They alone are responsible for incorporating the code into their work, and ensuring others do the same. With the help of ethical codes, engineers, as organized professionals, can more effectively serve their clients and benefit one another.

Taiwan: Major Industires

Taiwan: Major Industires TAIWAN: MAJOR INDUSTRIES The major industries in Taiwan are electronics, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals. We can have a look at the major industries one by one and then do an analysis on the investment opportunities on one of them. SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY Taiwan has truly emerged as a global leader in the semiconductor and microelectronics industry and serves as the home of the worlds top IC foundries, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (TSMC) and United Microelectronics (UMC), which hold a majority of the market share. Taiwan is also an important player in Mask ROM production, IC packaging and IC testing, accounting for 57.1%, 32% and 36% of global market shares respectively. Taiwan-based Advanced Semiconductor Engineering Inc (ASE) and Siliconware Precision Industries (SPIL) lead the IC packaging industry, while ASE Test and ChipMOS Technologies lead the IC testing industry. Taiwans IC design industry has ranked second only to the US, accounting for 28.4% of the market worldwide. Media Tek, VIA, Realtek and Sunplus are among the top 20 IC design houses. Taiwan ranks as the worlds 3rd largest maker of DRAM components, supplying 17.1% of the market. Taiwan also serves as a key IC market, with a value of US$11 billion in 2002, representing 25.7% of the market in Asia and 8.1% of the global market. Competitive Advantage and Market Strengths Taiwan plays a major role in the global semiconductor industry, as the unique structure of its IC industry fosters close cooperation among diverse yet essential elements in the value chain, ranging from IC design and manufacturing to packaging and testing. Investment Opportunities and Market Potential The National Si-Soft Project was launched in 2003 in an effort to upgrade Taiwans IC industry from mainly contract manufacturing to RD and innovation oriented production. The project aims to make Taiwan the one-stop shop for IC designs, mix-and-match intellectual properties, manufacturing, and testing. The National Si-Soft Project is devoted to developing System-on-Chip (SoC) infrastructure in Taiwan. Specific contents of the Si-Soft Project include automation software, silicon intellectual property (IP), embedded software, and system single chip, which are all essential in IC design. New IC designs will in turn drive the development of information household appliances, photoelectricity, internet technologies, energy, communication, biological chips, and nanotechnology. The project offers various benefits such as: Providing available IP sources and a more simplified transaction flow for the IC design industry (including design services), in order to decrease the time required for IC design. Improving the competitiveness of practitioners in the system industry as they realize the system knowhow in their own SoC Effectively cultivating star IP vendors in the IP industry Attracting more customers with value-added products (more complete IP features) for chip manufacturers Allowing practitioners in the packaging and testing industries to interchange freely and learn about the most advanced technologies relevant to their field in order to further enhance their technological expertise DISPLAY AND OPTOELECTRONICS Taiwan has seen significant growth in its color imaging (CI) industry in recent years. The overall production value of the flat panel display (FPD) industry alone has increased more than twofold since 2001, totaling US$7.39 billion, of which 83.4% came from the production of large size TFT-LCD units. In Q1 2004, the islands Flat Panel Display (FPD) sales reached NT$171.3 billion (US$5.1 billion), a 115% increase on the previous year, and 2004 sales are projected to reach NT$727.1 billion (US$21.7 billion). As Taiwan manufacturers are positioned to start mass production on next generation panels (6th, 7th, and 7.5), the total production value of Taiwans FPD industry will surpass NT$1 trillion. Taiwan is currently expected to account for 41% of large-sized TFT-LCD panel supply in 2004, becoming the worlds largest production base. Major TFT-LCD makers in Taiwan, such as AU, Chi-Mei, CPT, QDI, Hannstar, Toppoly, and PVI, have contributed greatly to the progress of the CI industry. AU, which receives the majority of its funding from Taiwan, is the third largest panel supplier in the world, and is the largest producer in Taiwan. Chi Mei, the second largest producer in Taiwan, is fast approaching AU in terms of production value. Competitive Advantages and Market Strengths Over 30% of the key components for FPD, such as polarizers, backlight modules, color filters and driver ICs, are manufactured in Taiwan, and local component makers such as Optimax (polarizers), Forhouse and Radiant (backlights), Allied Material Technology, Cando and Sintek (color filters), Novatek and Winbond (driver ICs), work very closely with panel makers. These component and finished product manufacturers are clustered around the Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Tainan areas, creating an integrated supply chain that further strengthens Taiwans position in the global IT industry. Investment Opportunities and Market Potential As Taiwan is the worlds second largest producer of panels and the market for components is quite large, the government is inviting foreign suppliers of materials and equipment to build factories in Taiwan, to enable faster and more effective product and service deliveries. Panel makers in Taiwan plan to establish G5 and G6 production lines, with the goal of becoming the leading panel supplier in the world. The government aims to generate US$40 billion in FPD production value by the year 2006. In the next three to four years, enterprises specializing in advanced components will have ample space for high growth potential. The government offers investors in the color imaging industry special tax reduction and investment incentives. Combined with a highly skilled workforce and abundant experience in the IT industry, Taiwan is the ideal destination for investment in the color imaging industry. Foreign Direct Investments in Taiwan The color imaging industry in Taiwan has grown very rapidly in the past few years. In light of an increasing demand for flat panels in the global market and strong competition, Taiwans vendors realize the importance of improving their technology and producing the right key components. The cost ratio for TFT-LCD components is quite high, with color filters at around 26% and glass substrate near 4%. Taiwans government has been active in soliciting foreign investors to manufacture these key components in Taiwan. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PHARMACEUTICALS Taiwans concerted policy efforts to develop research, development and production capabilities in the biotech sector have paid off in creating a wealth of investment opportunities. Biotech research at Taiwans top academic institutions is gaining international attention, while development capabilities, fostered through joint industry and government support, are turning these research achievements into commercially viable products. Taiwans mature production and logistics capabilities, evidenced by its over 100 cGMP-awarded pharmaceutical manufacturers, have been widely recognized as powerhouses in this area. Goals for the Coming Decade Having established a solid foundation, the Taiwan government has designated the biotechnology industry for further development into a key industry in its Two Trillion, Twin Stars Plan and Challenge 2008 National Development Plan. Through the combined efforts of government, academia, research and industrial sectors, Taiwan is poised to become a major hub and logistics operations center for RD, manufacturing, and operations in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries within the Asia-Pacific region. The governments plans to promote the industry include achieving targets of NT$150 billion (US$4.34 billion) in investments and 25% annual revenue growth by 2008 and five hundred biotech-related companies within ten years. Competitive Advantages and Market Strengths Superior pharmaceutical production and manufacturing capabilities Geographically positioned close to potential markets in Asia allows for enhanced product development for Asian markets Excellent springboard for entering other Asian markets Ease of communication and reduced cultural barriers Strong venture capital and financial resources Abundance of technical specialists in organic chemistry, optoelectronics, integrated circuitry, automated systems, and other relevant fields Excellent research facilities and well-staffed healthcare organizations TELECOMMUNICATION Taiwan offers much potential in the telecommunications market, with one of the most advanced telecommunications networks in the region. High penetration rates in both the fixed-line and mobile phone sectors have encouraged growth in telecom products and services. Looking to 2004, the Ministry of Economic Affairs has announced plans to make the telecommunications industry one of Taiwans trillion dollar industries, which will nurture the development of wireless applications, 3G, and broadband services. Competitive Advantages and Market Strengths Taiwan is currently the fourth largest producer of PCs. As PC-related IC design and manufacturing technology in Taiwan have reached world standards, wireless communication and broadband communication products, related components/assemblies and systems products manufacturing technology have all been the beneficiaries of a multiplier effect. A growing number of Taiwan manufacturers boast manufacturing and marketing capabilities for research and development of xDSL, DLC, SDHH, DWDM, and cell-phone related products. If these are combined with telecommunications service capabilities of foreign companies, particularly in the area of content services, their ability to enter newly developing markets will surely stimulate a new wave of product demand. Taiwans world-class technological advantages enable it to benefit from US and Japanese RD resources. Taiwans central location in the Asian Pacific region provides ideal access to the emerging Mainland China and Southeast Asian markets and to manufacture highly-competitive communications technology products. For manufacturers advancing into newly developing markets, Taiwan remains the most advantageous base for business operations in the region. Investment Opportunities and Market Potential In order to establish Taiwan as a broadband communications technology island, the government has classified telecommunications as a strategic industry, allowing it to benefit from a host of investment and tax incentives. The Related Industries Promotion Plan is expected to facilitate the establishment of communication-oriented SoC IC design, fiber-optic components/assemblies, production facilities, software and telecommunications service industries innovation. IT product manufacturing is expected to reach its goal of surpassing US$ 30 billion by 2007. At the same time, in order to comply with telecommunications industry liberalization and national infrastructure requirements, Taiwan has in recent years gradually liberalized the 3G and wired network markets. Estimates for 2005 anticipate US$50 billion in equipment purchase orders and US$20 billion in telecommunication service industry revenues. Market opportunities are tremendous, making Taiwan the ideal investment destination for the equipment manufacturing industry and content service providers. MATERIALS AND FINE CHEMICALS The production value of the material and fine chemical industry in Taiwan has averaged approximately US$44.38 billion annually, with petrochemical materials, polymer, electrical materials and fine chemical products as major output. Taiwan is the largest producer of ABS, the second largest supplier of PTAs, and the fourth largest in PVCs, supplying the Taiwan domestic market and the worlds major markets, especially Mainland China. With a well-developed supplier chain and marketing channels all over the world, Taiwan plays a key role in many markets today. In fact, a growing number of leading companies, such as Chi-Mei, Nan Ya Plastics and Formosa Plastics in the material industry, and UPC, Dahin, Lee Chang Yung Chemical in the fine chemical industry, are emerging more visibly in the international markets. In addition, Eternal Chemical and Chang Chun Plastics in the electrical material industry, and Taiwan Shiseido, Grand Glory Biotechnology, Taiwan Sugar, and Taiwan Salt in the cosmetics industry are already well-established in their respective markets. As the IT industry becomes more competitive, Taiwans material and fine chemical industry has been focusing on semiconductors, plane display materials, print circuit boards, nanotechnology materials and other high value-added products. Investment Opportunities and Market Potentials Taiwan is home to a great number of talented RD and design people who are well-educated and possess experience with international companies, making the island more advantageous location for multinational companies to localize as part of a globalization strategy. In recent years, Taiwans IT industry has shown impressive progress the semiconductor, TFT-LCDs, and print circuit board industries are seeing dramatic growth and have reached large-scale production levels, thereby gaining strength in the international markets. The materials and fine chemical industry in Taiwan will be highly essential in supporting the IT industry and meeting its rigorous demands. The Challenge 2008 National Development Plan, a government-support project that shows a list of plans and incentives on land lease, funding, taxes, and other benefits, demonstrates the value that the materials and fine chemical industry brings to Taiwan. Taiwan has created vast opportunities for both international and domestic firms, with Mainland China as the biggest and most prominent market. With its strategic geographical location and experience in world trade, Taiwan makes the ideal center for manufacturing and market development in the Asia-Pacific region. FINANCE, SECURITIES AND INSURANCE With foreign exchanges reserves of over US$200 billion at the end of 2003, and a forecasted 4.5% economic growth rate for 2004, Taiwan continues to maintain a robust economy, due in part to government action on internationalization and liberalization policies. Competitive Advantages Market Strengths As a growing number of global industries are migrating to the Far East, Taiwan is an ideal location to establish a financial base. Multinational companies in Taiwan have access to more precise information on the Asia-Pacific region as they expand their business. In recent years, East Asia has become an important investment location for European and American countries. Taiwans stock market index is covered in both Dow Jones and Morgan Stanleys stock indices, to the benefit of foreign investors. In addition, the government has loosened restrictions on foreign capital in the Taiwan stock market, bringing more attention to Taiwans market. Investment Opportunities and Market Potential In pursuing its goal of becoming the financial center of East Asia, Taiwan is revising its financial policies to bring them to international standards. Examples of such policies include: Lifting constraints on offshore banking units (OBUs) Policies include expanding the depth and breadth of foreign currency market, and broadening the offshore banking units market and foreign currency overnight rate market to attract foreign financial institutions and enhance Taiwans position as a regional funding center. Taiwan will therefore expand its stock and bond markets, improve market regulation and efficiency, and promote the internationalization of the securities market. Foreign investors can buy and sell securities, bonds and public warrants freely without restrictions of time or location, have more versatility in managing investments, and vitalize the market. Ongoing liberalization of capital markets for foreign investors the ROC government has opened up its stock market to foreign investors with minimal restrictions. With the introduction of more financial commodities in the market and more diversified channels for funds, Taiwans capital markets are opening to increasing foreign investors, who are now allowed to manage derivative financial products instead of spot commodities. In addition, foreign capital is now permitted in the private placement market, and these newly available commodities are attracting more foreign investment. Opening the insurance market to foreign investors Fifty-five insurance companies are currently in operation in Taiwan, of which 21 are foreign-owned. Other measures to liberalize the Taiwan insurance market include: relaxing restrictions on the approval of commodities; liberalized rates; investment policies and procedures; the opening of cross-strait insurance exchanges; the promotion of risk-based capital (RBC) systems; information disclosure systems; and a certified actuary system. With monitoring of all foreign insurance companies in Taiwan to ensure compliance with policies on remuneration for Taiwan citizens, the foreign insurance industry in Taiwan can operate in a fair and reasonable business environment. In addition, with the islands excellent location and workforce, Taiwan has the potential to become the Asian insurance market hub for foreign investors. Increasing the liquidity of financial capital in the stock market The Securitization of Financial Assets Law was implemented on July 24, 2002, with the aim of improving and increasing the liquidity of financial assets, including fully liberalized foreign investments in the public and private placement of securitization of financial assets. Several domestic banks are in the process of cooperating with foreign financial institutions in this regard. According to the rules for MFN and National Treatment, foreign invested banks in Taiwan can compete on an equal footing with domestic banks. They are all granted licenses and can operate as fully-functional branches in Taiwan. In addition, as stated in the Banking Law and Financial Holding Company Law, a foreign financial institution may invest up to a 100% stake in a domestic bank. Moreover, foreign banks and financial holding companies that have sufficient experience and a good reputation can hold shares of up to 100% under their original name. Foreign financial groups may merge with Taiwans local financial institutions under the Merger Law for Financial Institutions, which has been established for the purpose of regulating the merger of financial institutions, expanding economies of scale, enhancing the efficiency of financial institutions and protecting proper competition environments. The law provides a friendly legal environment and mechanism for the operation of Asset Management Companies. Flexible government restrictions allow foreign investors to set up their operations headquarters in Taiwan to conduct multilateral trade a growing trend for foreign companies to gain a more competitive edge. ANALYSIS OF THE TAIWANESE BIOTECHNOLOGY SECTOR Taiwans biotechnology industry includes biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. In 2003, the total annual revenue for these industries in Taiwan was approximately NT$131.6 billion, of which NT$29.6 billion came from biotechnology0.9 percent of the total global revenue-represented by 223 companies, each with an average revenue of NT$133 million. Business scope covered included genomics, drugs, diagnostics, agricultural biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, protein drugs, contract research organizations, biochips and bioinformatics. The islands pharmaceutical industry returned NT$61.4 billion,0.4 percent of the global total with 429 companies active in this sector, averaging NT$143 million per company. The medical devices industry returned NT$40.6 billion,0.6 percent of the global total, coming from 397 companies, with an average revenue of NT$102 million each. The biotechnology workforce size is 35,610, of which 7,200 are in the biotechnology industry, 14,224 in the pharmaceutical industry and 14,186 working in the medical devices industry. Status of Biotechnology Development in Taiwan (2003) Units: NT$100 million Industry Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Medial devices Total Revenue 296 614 406 1,316 Number of Companies 223 429 397 1,049 Size of work force (number) 7,200 14,224 14,186 35,610 Export value* 113 45 288 446 Import value* 120 339 425 884 Domestic sales vs. export 62:38 93:7 29:71 66:34 Domestic market demand* 303 908 543 1,754 BIOTECH INDUSTRY ANALYSIS: MICHAEL PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Advantages and opportunities in Taiwans biotech industry Advantages: 1. Active and continuous efforts to build up an attractive investment environment by the government 2. Large input to investment of up- and mid-stream RD and infrastructure 3. Close bond with fast growing Asian markets 4. Sufficient domestic capital for investing from intensive partners 5. Solid foundation and experience from the past development of the electronics industry 6. Proper environment for the development of small- and medium-sized enterprises; and the diligent and aggressive entrepreneurial spirit of the Taiwanese 7. Ample biotechnology and pharmaceutical professionals based both locally and overseas 8. Relatively homogenous ethnic Chinese population, ideal for the development of an Asian-prevalent-disease-related biotech industry 9. Qualified RD personnel who are capable of establishing a knowledge economy to reflect Taiwans uniqueness 10. Advanced traditional agricultural technology to support development of agricultural biotechnology Opportunities: 1. The key industry in the governments Challenge 2008 six-year national development plan 2. The listed incentive industry among newly encouraged emerging strategic industries 3. Rising demand in better living standards in the Asia-Pacific; and growing economy and market for potential development 4. Increasing number of strategic alliances and technology transfer cases 5. RD and precision processing sectors are ready to take advantage of the growing global trend towards outsourcing in the biotechnology industry. 6. Right timing for endless business opportunities in post human gene decoding 7. High value-added, long life cycle and value chain of biotechnology; many points of entry available, from RD to marketing 8. Flourishing biotechnology RD service industries (technical evaluation, RD design, intellectual property services, and start-up incubation services) 9. Many large-sized high-quality medical centers, providing optimal conditions for undertaking clinical trials 10. Clear market segmentation from temperate zone products of advanced countries with Taiwans sub-tropical climate to develop Asian sub-tropical agricultural biotechnology 11. Plentiful related information aggregated from National Health Insurance program 12. Diseases associated with a modern sedentary lifestyle, with potential for drug and disease screening technology platforms Objective. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Although there are a few biotech companies but all of them are small scale operators. Hence a consolidation programme can be started. 2. Since biotech is going to help pharmaceutical companies in a big way hence pharma companies can make a conscious effort to start RD centers with emphasis on biotechnology. 3. Although the government is supportive of the sector but not many FDIs have been invited. The government can specifically invite FDIs in this sector. 4. Large companies like Biocon and Brighton Research labs should be asked to set up facilities. They can be promised access to markets in mainland China through Taiwan. 5. Most of the raw materials required is being imported, so the government can devise strategies to develop auxiliary industries and make the sector self sufficient. 6. Newer and more challenging topics can be taken up to study. Like human genome sequencing which would help in determining the genetic causes for diseases like cancer and AIDS.

Vietnam War :: essays research papers

Vietnam was a small Asian country, 9000 miles away from the United States. Yet America felt that its national interest was threatened strongly enough to fight a war there. The explanation for this lies in the fear caused by the spread of communism at that time. The role of communism was extremely important in this conflict. You see, the US had to enter the war to stop the spread of communism in Asia since North Vietnam was communist. If North Vietnam was to succeed in converting Vietnam into a communist country , it could become very powerful and go on to persuade other countries to become communist. The US believed that Vietnam could become powerful, and it was willing to go through anything to stop that, including sending millions of US troops to Vietnam and watching them die live on TV, and this greatly effected the American culture and society. The Vietnam war. It changed the lives of many people, and in many unfortunate cases eliminated those of others. "By the end of 1965, 184,314 troops were in Vietnam" (Internet), sacrificing their future, their lives. "Within a year, the number had grown to 385,000"(Internet). For those back in America, the hardship was felt as their sons died overseas. imagine waking up one morning and turning the local news of and seeing your son's face on the TV screen as one of the few hundred who died just last night. It was horrifying . All this effected American society greatly. Moms were losing sons, sisters were losing brothers, and children were losing dads. The Vietnam war had a harsh outcome. "More than 47,000Americans were killed in action,11,000 died of other causes, and 303,000 were wounded"(Internet). As more and more Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the American people responded with disillusionment and it caused the American society to lose faith in the government ,as a series of powerful protests took place across the nation.Opposition to the Vietnam war in the United States developed immediately after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Early protests were organized around questions about the morality of Us Military involvement in Vietnam. As each key event of the war occurred, the antiwar sentiment steadily rose. "Students and professors began to organize "teach-ins" on the war in early 1965 at the university of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, and the University of California at Berkeley"(Encarta). eventually, virtually no college or university was without an organized student movement.

A Proposal to End Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Alcoholism Ess

A Proposal to End Alcoholism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's day and age, people are beginning to have more and more problems with things that barely even impacted on our world many years ago. Sometimes, however, people don?t even realize that they have a problem and are disturbing not only other people, but also themselves. Alcoholic beverages have slowly wedged themselves into today's society as something that is causing many people problems and drama in their lives. A problem like alcoholism is something that should, and can be, stopped and controlled. With today's modernization and rapid increase of knowledge of medicine and the human body, I have created an idea that could possibly stop the problem of drinking, and the addiction that it creates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is considered a drug for multiple reasons. People, when under the influence, can get either very angry, or are all-around happy people. However, it usually unfolds in the event that when they become happy drunks, they become very grumpy and mean people when they are sober, usually looking for getting more alcohol. Alcohol also ruins people?s bodies, especially their liver. It can impact their body so much that it sometimes brings them to death. People also make very un-educated decisions when they are drinking, and sometimes even when they are sober. When people are under the influence of alcohol, they make bad decisions like driving, even though they can?t see straight, becoming loud, and sometimes even too rowdy. However, ev...

Summary on Gm Food

So why are we seeing a dramatic increase in allergies? Some health experts believe that it could be, in part, due to the recent introduction of genetically modified (GM) foods. If evidence from around the world is anything to go by, there may be a case to answer. In 1999, the York Laboratory in the U. K tested 4,500 people for allergies reactions and sensitivities. In previous years soy had affected 10% of consumers. In 1999, that figure skyrocketed 50%Â   after GM soy from the U.S started to arrive in the U. K provoking public angst over GM foods. When massive protests followed, supermarkets started removing GM foods from sale and the rapid increase in anaphylaxis in children aged 0-14 stabilised. But why should GM foods be implicated in the rise in allergies? GM critics believe that the inherent cross-species nature of biotechnology may be responsible. GM foods are created by splicing genes from the DNA of one organism into the DNA of another possibly unrelated organism.In experim ents, strawberries have been spliced with fish genes, rice and tobacco with human genes and even lettuce with rat genes. Since genes are the instruction codes for proteins, and proteins are implicated in allergic reactions, GM foods may be introducing allergenic proteins into our food that have never before been part of the human food supply. The litany of allergenic reactions to GM foods grows daily.A gene from a Brazil nut was inserted into soybeans with tests verifying that people allergic to Brazil nuts were allergic to the GM soybean . A GM corn, considered allergenic by the U. S EPA was approved as animal feed, yet it contaminated the human food supply and thousands reported health effects, some life-threatening . A GM pea produced by the CSIRO induced an allergic-type inflammatory response in mice, yet the same protein when produced naturally in beans, had no effect .

Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead

Imagine the impact technological innovations have had on society? How much did technology influence society a decade ago, and how much does it influence society now? Technology was created from humans to become a more efficient specie. Although technology has advanced society with respect to technology and efficiency, it has also created problems not previously seen because of the use of technology. Edward Tenner, a writer and technology consultant, wrote an article titled â€Å"Another Look Back, and a Look Ahead† published in 1996. In his article Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, that society is advancing at an alarming rate and suggests a â€Å"retreating from intensity† (Tenner 78) in order to allow society to slow its progression and accustom itself to new technology. Tenner uses his credibility as an exceptional writer to appeal to audiences and inform them about the subject in his article. Throughout the article, Tenner uses an extensive vocabulary and shows fluency in his writing. In the sentence, â€Å"The prognosis for revenge effects is hopeful†¦by replacing brute force with finesse† (Tenner 60), Tenner shows his expertise by using collegial writing skills and even introduces a term he created, â€Å"revenge effects†. He is well informed about what he is talking about and never leaves the reader guessing what he is trying to say. The fact that he was formerly employed as the science editor at the Princeton University Press makes him an even more credible source. When Tenner talks about â€Å"the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588† (Tenner 63), it demonstrates to the reader he is educated and increases ethos. By the end of the article, Tenner has effectively made his case for society to slow its technological progression. Aside from using ethos in his article, Tenner uses compare and contrast to show his audience how technology has changed over time. Tenner provides many examples to show how they compare and contrast from now and the past. He talks about the sinking of the Titanic becoming a signal event, â€Å"one that reveals an ominous and previously underestimated kind of danger† (Tenner 64). At the time the Titanic was the biggest technological innovation to start the twentieth century. Ship engineers have become more aware of the dangers the ocean presents ships. Although in comparison ships might be of the same size and provide the same transportation over waters, its comparison shows they have evolved. â€Å"The higher potential speed of steamships requires more rather than less care. The larger number of passengers and crew required more careful drills and inspection of equipment† (Tenner 65). The speed of ships has significantly changed over time as well as the technology of ship engines which allow for them to reach significant speeds. Through these advances one could argue it has created an efficiency of allowing people to travel much faster, however Tenner reminds them of the â€Å"revenge effects† these innovations create. Today much more safety regulations are used than in the past, this is due to the new dangers technology creates. Another example Tenner uses is the comparison and contrast of transportation over time. Humans created the automobile to become more efficient and make travel and transportation much faster throughout the world. â€Å"Nearly every passenger journey or freight shipment began and ended with a horse-drawn vehicle or a horse† (Tenner 67). Due to technological innovations and Henry Ford’s assembly line, motor vehicles were created not only to suit the rich but for all society to enjoy. Through this progression people were not limited to where they could travel and the time it took to get there. People could take regular jobs that were far from home rather than having to move to accommodate their needs. Roads and freeways soon followed with the increase of automobile use. â€Å"The greatest surprise of motoring was the speed at which traffic clogged the roads, including freeways and other limited-access highways built to relieve congestion† (Tenner 70). Tenner compares the use of transportation over time, demonstrating that although it has made transportation much faster, it has created â€Å"revenge effects† such as traffic and congestion, things that before the technological innovation were never seen. Examples such as these have led Tenner to advise society to fix problems that new technologies bring not by creating new technologies to solve the problem, but by slowing down and addressing the problem itself, not a quick fix. Comparing and contrasting the impact technology has had on society effectively illustrate Tenner’s main argument, but through the use of cause and effect the audience can relate and understand how Tenner formed his thesis. In the text Tenner provides many cause and effect examples. An example Tenner uses is the effects that are created because of industrial carbon dioxide emissions. Industries that create carbon dioxide allow for many benefits such as electricity and transportation, but they are also responsible for warming the earth’s temperatures, â€Å"global warming†. â€Å"The increasing cultivation of the earth would bring about higher temperatures and eventually a melting of the polar icecap† (Tenner 76). Another cause/effect example Tenner uses is â€Å"strict directives on meat radiation after the Chernobyl meltdown of 1986 destroyed the Lapp reindeer-meat economy† (Tenner 76). A catastrophic event in Chernobyl created a lasting effect on the economy. Tenner argues that these technologies have many lasting effects, known as â€Å"revenge effects†. From beginning to end, Tenner’s article urges the reader to draw back from such a rapid progression of technology. Tenner argues, through the use of the rhetorical appeal ethos, compare and contrast, and cause and effect, technological innovation instead of creating efficiency create â€Å"revenge effects† which create more problems for society. Tenner suggests that society recoil its progression of technology, not forever, but until accustomed to the use of new technologies. Tenner’s argument in the article opens many readers eyes as to the real problems they choose to ignore due to technological innovation. This issue is relevant and provides a subject that all people can identify with. Technologies are all around society and the impact it has is colossal. Whatever your side of the argument for technologies and society may be, the reality Tenner presents reveal a need to retreat from intensive technological progression.

Does True Altruism Exist? Essay

The concept of altruism has been around for a long time and the debate on its existence has been for almost as long in both philosophical and psychological circles. Altruism has been defined by Batson et al., (1981); the motivation that arises within in an individual to help another in distress, from the desire to reduce the other’s distress. Some have argued that true altruism does not exist. Those believe that every act of kindness us humans commit has an underlying ulterior motive; we help others to help ourselves. This is known as egoism, and current theories regarding the existence of altruism tend to be egoistic; that is, everything we do is directed towards one end-state goal, and that is benefiting ourselves. And benefiting ourselves does not necessarily entail gaining something in return for performing the act, but merely reducing our own personal distress by seeing another’s distress, can be defined as egoistic. Our distress (guilt, shock, fear) was as a result of seeing another in distress and by helping the other person by reducing their distress is not an act of altruism, but egoism, as reducing their distress reduced our own distress. A study was done by Cialdini et al., (1987) which provided a hypothesis supporting the egoistic theory. They performed two experiments in which they came to conclude that helping another in distress was as a result of relieving the personal sadness within the observer that arose from the heightened empathy the observer felt for the sufferer, rather than the selfless act to relieve the sufferer of their distress. In the first experiment conducted, it was found that high-empathy-set subjects did show elevated helping scores, but that they were no longer helpful when they received a sadness-canceling reward. Therefore, it is as a result of personal sadness that led to the motivation to help the sufferer, rather than empathic concern. In the second experiment conducted, Cialdini posed the Negative State Relief model. It was under this model that it was  believed that people help others as a response to their own egoistic behaviours. Regardless of the high levels of empathy, the subjects helped less when they were made to see their personal sadness as fixed. Thus, they concluded that it seemed to be personal sadness that led to the subjects helping, despite the high levels of empathy. However, there have been other theories in support of the existence of altruism. The Empathy-Altruism hypothesis predicts that empathy leads to altruism. And in a study conducted by Batson et al., (1981), when a young woman received electric shocks and then giving the subjects a chance to help her by taking her place, the researchers predicted that if empathy led to altruistic acts that the subjects would help the victim regardless if the chance to escape without helping is easy or difficult. And the results following both experiments supported the hypothesis that empathy leads to altruistic acts rather than egoistic. However, in the second experiment, when the conditions for escaping were difficult without helping, a low empathic response led to helping. This concludes that when subjects are being forced to help a sufferer, they will help, but only to escape the situation, and this is egoistically motivated behavior. By taking both of these articles and experiments into account, and regarding the theories posed by each, I have favoured the argument that true altruism cannot exist in the normal parameters of human psychology because by nature we are designed to ensure our own continued existence and will therefore perform acts and behaviours that will promote our survival, and avoid performing certain behaviours if we feel that it might cause us harm. For true altruism to exist, you would need to be able to place everyone else’s wellbeing before your own and receive nothing from it. Certain forms of these can be seen in actions we perform for our loved ones. But it is even in these deeds that we receive praise, reward and even heightened sensations of self-motivation, which then causes the actions to be egoistically motivated. Therefore it’s not completely selfless, the pleasure rewarded from the action can be seen as a suitable motivation to be selfless.

Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Example

Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Example Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Healthcare and Financial Issues Essay Healthcare Financial Issues The history of the American healthcare system has experienced some form of distray. Despite the introduction of the managed care (sought to bring the cost of healthcare down), Americans have expressed fear that the costs of healthcare have continued to rise. The 2010s Obamacare was introduced to reform various aspects of the American health insurance industry, and to also improve the quality and access of healthcare services. The research paper aims at exploring Obama healthcare service and how the new requirements have transformed that nature of the health of the U.S. citizenry. The concern of the paper lies in examining how the quality and value of the American health care service has changed since the introduction of the Obama healthcare service. This research uses qualitative research method; qualitative method enables the researcher to dig deeper into getting finer details aboutthe non-quantitative aspects of the topic being studied. Through qualitative research, the paper will unearth how managed care, as an an initiative, addresses the escalating costs of medical care. The research is interested to investigate how managed care can lead to effective funding and offering referals. The researcher will unmask how this healthcare tool covers services that are experimental in nature (Babbie, 2016). The research will narrow down to utilize case study reseach approach, which refers to a research whereby where the researcher is suppopsed to give a comprehensive analaysis and cccount of more than one case. The leading (foundatonal) research in this case study research would thus be put as follows: What are the major characteristics of the Obamacare case? Since the roots of the case study are interdisciplinary, the research shall draw upon various other models can be incorporated to describe and explain the Obamacare case. As classified by Babbie (2016), a caqse study research can be divided into three: e Collective case study-where researchers interest is to study and compare multiple cases in a singular research sudy; e Instrumental case study-where the interest of the researcher is to understand something more general than the obviousness of the case; e Intrisc case study-where the researchers interest lies in understand particulars ofthe case. By setting research questions, the research will be centered on sourcing the answers to these questions. The three questions to be considered include: RQ1: How has Obama healthcare service and the new requirements changed the nature of health of the US citizens? RQ2. How can Healthcare services improve quality and value in the U.S. Health Care System? RQ3. How can adequate healthcare coverage ensure all people have access to quality health services without facing financial hardship? Some of the benefits the research will seek to investigate is the shared benefit with which Obamacare service allows Americans to access it from any part of America. Since this service requires all health insurance plans to cover crucial health benefits and rights. This healthcare plan favors millions of American patients together with the uninsured citizens by ensuring that they canaccess free and low healthcare costs. It consequently allows parents to cover their childrens health up to to the age of 26, a factor that gives more benefits and returns to insurance companies andproviders. Obamacare will detrimentally lead to low costs, since it will outnumber the insurance companies that havebeen having a good number of clients who take all sorts of insurance covers. This is because the service aims at offering high quality healthcare at relatively lower costs. It negatively affect Americans who may be unwilling to buy the insurance through Obamacare tax penalties. By setting research questions, the research will be centered on sourcing the answers to these questions. Some of the considerations involved in carrying out this research include the capability to seal the gaps in knowledge needed to be derived from the research. The research will be carried out ina natural setting and would involve a process of building a holistic and complex picture of the phenomenon of interest. There are many ways through which the researcher can collaborate and enrich their work while conducting a study on a certain topic, like the Obamacare, in this case. The capability to have several iterations of the study in different settings will provide a means of validating findings. Collaboration requires many forms, including crossing discipliness (Babbie, 2016). The practitioner research addresses the investigator, the purpose, and the setting. In this case, the research seeks rightful information from the practitioner who have insight regarding the Obamacare. Reference Babbie, E. R. (2016). The practice of social research. Belmont: Wadsworth Pub. Co.

Negotiation in construction industrial dispute, an assessment of UAE situation

Negotiation in construction industrial dispute, an assessment of UAE situation Introduction Projects relating to constructions and contracts have greatly increased and are now recognized in the UAE over the past years. This has significantly given rise to great numbers of claims either between contractors and employers or even between contractors and sub-contractors (Hinchey and Schor 2002, 63).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Negotiation in construction industrial dispute, an assessment of UAE situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These disagreements are mostly solved by conciliation or arbitration and are predominantly held in the universal language which is English, where specialist arbitrators are appointed due to the nature of the subjects involved (Ren 2011, 123). Assessments of UAE situation and the negotiations in the construction industries Negotiation is another important mechanism for arranging construction contracts in the construction industry. Project managers may often fi nd themselves as participants in negotiations, either as principal negotiators or as expert advisors. These negotiations may be complicated and often present important opportunities and risks for the various parties involved. For example, negotiation on work contracts could involve issues such as completion date, arbitration procedures, special work item compensation, contingency allowances as well as the overall price (Essam 2006, 453). However, exogenous factors such as the history of a contractor and the general economic climate in the construction industry will determine the results of negotiations. The skill of a negotiator can affect the possibility of reaching an agreement, the profitability of the project, and the scope of any eventual disputes, and the possibility for additional work among the participants. Therefore, negotiations are an important task for many project managers. However, even after a contract is awarded on the basis of competitive bidding, there are many oc casions in which subsequent negotiations are required as conditions change over time (Fleming 2003, 13; Harmon 2004, 47). Poor negotiating strategies adopted by one or the other party may also preclude an agreement even with the existence of a feasible agreement range.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, one party may be so demanding that the other party may simply decide to break off the negotiations. In this effect, negotiations are not a well behaved solution methodology for the resolution of disputes (Kumaraswamy and Chang 1998, 12; Al-Khalil and Al-Ghafly 1999, 647). Therefore, the possibility of negotiating failures in the land sale example highlights the importance of negotiating style and strategy with respect to revealing information. Style includes the extent to which negotiators are willing to seem reasonable, the type of arguments chosen, th e forcefulness of language used, etc. Clearly, different negotiating styles can be more or less effective in one way or another. Cultural factors are also extremely important and play a major role in negotiation processes. American and Japanese negotiating styles are very different (Cheung, Yiu and Yeung 2006, 132). For example, Revealing information is also considered as a negotiating decision. In the land sale case, some negotiators would readily reveal their reserve or constraint prices, whereas others would conceal as much information as possible or provide misleading information (Groton 1997, 76; Kumarasamy 1998, 56). Due to these problems, it is often beneficial to all parties to adopt objective standards in determining appropriate contract provisions. These standards would help in coming up with an agreement or a method to arrive at appropriate values in a negotiation (Ho and Liu 2004, 95; Scott 1993, 143). When it comes to additional issues, negotiations may become more comp licated both in procedure and in result. The sequence in which issues are defined or considered can be very important. Negotiations, for example, may proceed on an issue-by-issue basis, and the outcome may depend upon the exact sequence of issues considered.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Negotiation in construction industrial dispute, an assessment of UAE situation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Alternatively, the parties may decide to proceed by proposing complete agreement packages and then proceed to compare packages. When it comes to the outcomes, the possibility of the parties having different valuations or weights on particular issues may arise. When this happens, it is possible to trade-off the outcomes on different issues to the benefit of both parties (Brams and Lerner 1996, 59). Key questions Questions that are frequently asked are: What do you do in order to have a successful negotiation? What way s do you use to negotiate in the UAE construction industry? What types of negotiations that mostly occur in UAE construction industry? Have these negotiations ever occurred in the past or is this the first time they are happening? How have negotiations among contactors affected employer or the employee relationship in UAE construction industries? The Literature review This study reviews the pertinent literature on the subject of negotiations in order to attain the objectives; a thorough review is to be conducted by the use of books, referring to the journals on how disputes among contractors were solved in the past years and also by looking at conference papers to get information and find a solution to these negotiations (Kangari 1995, 65). According to Fleming (2003, 21), the most important items to consider in ADR include; the factors that currently impede the efficient, productive, timely and cost effective performance of projects, source of disputes and practical strategies to avoid disagreements or reduce the impact of disputes in negotiation, general degree of the direct and indirect costs of disputes to clients, contractors, other industry stakeholders and the community, primary principles of conflict management in the context of commercial disputes and practical dispute resolution strategies for facilitating the equitable, certain, amicable, timely and cost effective resolution of disputes (El- Sayegh 2006, 1169). Main reasons for study and analysis Coming up with an analyzed alternative on negotiating methods in construction industry in the United Arab Emirates so as to identify and analyze projects in which various ADR methods were used, to analyze the responses from questionnaires and interviews, to recommend compatible methods and further research and to conduct interviews with the selected representatives (Harmon 2004, 47). Interviews involving construction professionals Questionnaires are prepared and distributed to contractors and their employe es to fill in information about their disagreements, the main causes of these negotiations and their recommendations about these negotiations and what they think should be done to avoid these disagreements in the UAE industries. Writing research reports When writing research reports on negotiation in the construction industry is the main source of concern for anyone concerned with the construction process (Essex 1996, 67).Negotiation, mediation and arbitration remained the main methods for resolving the disputes but new techniques were being explored.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When writing a research report inquires the introduction, background of the study, methodology, data analysis, and the conclusion. The construction industry has greatly increased in complexity over the past decades (Essex 1996, 76). A Proposed structure of dissertation Introduction This chapter talks about the construction industry in UAE and how the contractors manage to solve their disputes, talk about the construction projects and how they have increased or decreased in the last decade, introduce any complaints made by contractors or owners and employers or between contractors and sub- contractors and how they solve their disputes and lastly introduce future plans of the construction industry. An overview of negotiations This chapter will talk about: Negotiating method. Negotiations in the UAE construction industries. Institutional and legal framework for negotiating in the UAE construction industries. The UAE construction industries. Negotiating methods This chapter talks abou t the different types of negotiations that are there in a construction industry and these are; domestic or family, personal injuries, workers compensation, construction, bankruptcy, employee benefits and many more negotiations that arise in the UAE construction industry from the information you get from the employees through the questionnaires. It examines the relationship between negotiating when it comes to contracts. It will demonstrate the negotiating processes and how they have affected the employees and the employer’s relationship in the construction industry. The main causes of negotiation in the UAE construction industry This chapter talks about the main causes of misunderstandings, lack of communication, delay in delivery of materials, shortage of labor, financial difficulties by contractors, poor site management, slowness in decision making by client and many more causes as stated by contractors in the questionnaires. Ways of negotiating This chapter talks about all the methods used in negotiation in contraction disputes for example, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration and dispute resolution boards. Conclusion It focuses on conclusions of the study according to the information that was got from the questionnaires that were distributed to the contractors and employees of the UAE contraction companies. References Al-Khalil, M. and Al-Ghafly, M., 1999. Important causes of delay in the public uitility projects in Saudi Arabia. Construction Management and Economics 17, (5) 647-55. Brams, R. and Lerner, C., 1996. Construction Claims Deskbook. Aspen Law Business, USA. Cheung, S., Yiu, T. and Yeung, F., 2006. A Study of Styles and Outcomes in Construction Dispute Negotiation. J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 132, 805. El- Sayegh,S., 2006. Significant factors causing delay in UAE construction industry. Construction management and economics, 24, 1167- 1176. Essam, KZ., 2006. Construction claims in United Arab Emirates: Types, causes and frequency. Internat ional Journal of project management 24, 453-459. Essex, R., 1996. Means of Avoiding and Resolving Disputes during Construction. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, 7(1), 10-77. Fleming, Q., 2003. Project procurement management: contracting, subcontracting, teaming. Pennsylvania: FMC Press. Groton, JP., 1997. Alternative dispute resolution in the construction industry. Dispute Resolution Journal, 76. Harmon, J., 2004. Construction conflicts and dispute resolution boards: attitudes and opinions of construction industry members. Conflict Resolution Journal, 47. Hinchey, JW. and Schor, L., 2002. The Quest for the Right Questions in the Construction Industry. Dispute Resolution Journal, 63. Ho, SP. and Liu, LY., 2004. Analytical model for analyzing construction claims and opportunistic bidding. Construction Engineering and Management, 130(1) 94-104. Kangari, R., 1995. Construction documentation in arbitration. Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 1(2), 63-123. Kumaras amy, M., 1998. Tracing the roots of construction claims and disputes. Cobra ‘98, RICS Foundation. Kumaraswamy, MM. and Chang, DW., 1998. Contributors to construction delays. Construction Management and Economics, 78-9. Ren, Z., 2011. Lessons Learned from Principled Negotiation in International Construction Projects. J. Legal Affairs Dispute Resolution in Eng. Constr. 3, 123. Scott, S., 1993. Dealing with delay claims: A Survey. International journal of Project Management, Vol-11, No. 3, pp.143.

Requisitos para Dreamers para sacar permiso para viajar

Requisitos para Dreamers para sacar permiso para viajar Los Dreamers, es decir, los muchachos indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os, y que tienen DACA aprobado podà ­an  obtener un permiso para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos y regresar si cumplà ­an una serie de requisitos.   Todo ha cambiado con las declaraciones del fiscal general Jeff Sessions con fecha del 5 de septiembre de 2017. Por otro lado, la orden judicial del juez William Alsup que reinstaura parcialmente DACA con fecha de 9 de enero de 2018, no protege a los jà ³venes que salen de Estados Unidos y posteriormente desean regresar. Por lo tanto en este aspecto en concreto no se modifica lo decido por gobierno en Septiembre de 2017. Asà ­, en primer lugar si un Dreamer habà ­a solicitado un permiso para viajar mediante el formulario I-131 y la solicitud tiene fecha de aprobacià ³n del 5 de septiembre o anterior, podà ­a viajar y en principio no deberà ­a haber problema. Sin embargo, como es un asunto delicado con consecuencias posibles muy graves, es una buena idea asesorarse con una organizacià ³n de apoyo a Dreamers o con un abogado y, en caso de duda, no viajar. Incluso se recomienda hablar con un abogado que està © presente en el aeropuerto el dà ­a del regreso, por si hubiera algà ºn problema. En segundo lugar si no ha pedido el permiso para viajar, no hacerlo despuà ©s de esa fecha, ya que no ser tramitado. En tercer lugar si se pidià ³ el permiso para viajar antes de esa fecha y se est pendiente de una respuesta hay que saber que el USCIS no aprobar el permiso, pero regresar el dinero pagado en concepto de cuota. Demanda de los estados en contra de decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar DACA 15  estados y el Distrito de Columbia   han sumado sus esfuerzos para presentar una demanda en contra del gobierno federal por la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar el programa DACA. La demanda, que ha sido presentada en el Distrito Este del estado de Nueva York, est liderada por el fiscal general de ese estado y la de Massachusetts. Adems, se han unido los de Carolina del Norte, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Oregà ³n, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Washington y el Distrito de Columbia. Los estados argumentan que la decisià ³n de Trump de finalizar DACA viola en dos ocasiones la Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo. Adems, violarà ­a la proteccià ³n otorgadas por la Constitucià ³n al  debido proceso. Finalmente, tambià ©n serà ­a contraria a la Constitucià ³n porque violarà ­a el derecho a la igualdad ante la ley. En este punto se argumenta que la decisià ³n de Trump tiene por objeto perjudicar a un grupo de personas por razones de su origen, ya que cuatro de cada cinco muchachos beneficiados por DACA son mexicanos o centroamericanos. Se espera ahora una batalla legal. Todo lo que sigue a continuacià ³n ya tiene solo un valor histà ³rico porque como se ha explicado, ya no se puede aplicar. La Accià ³n Diferida (DACA) como requisito  esencial para el permiso de viajar Los Dreamers  sà ³lo pueden solicitar el permiso para viajar si tienen ya en mano aprobada la Accià ³n Diferida, que se conoce en inglà ©s por las siglas de DACA. DACA es una medida adoptada por el Presidente Barack Obama el 15 de junio de 2012 que permite a los Dreamers que cumplen con ciertos requisitos de edad, residencia, estudios e historial aplicar por una semi- legalizacià ³n. En la prctica supone que el Dreamer al que se le concede la Accià ³n Diferida no puede ser deportado. Adems, pueden obtener una licencia de manejar sin restricciones, un Nà ºmero del Seguro Social, abrir una cuenta de banco y, en determinados casos, aplicar por un permiso de trabajo. Una vez que tienen DACA aprobado pueden solicitar,  previo pago de un arancel,  un permiso para viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos, que se conoce por su nombre en inglà ©s de  advance parole. Nunca pedir el permiso para viajar sin tener DACA aprobado ni tampoco si se est pendiente de su renovacià ³n. Quà © es este advance parole y quà © requisitos  aplican para los Dreamers El advance parole un permiso para  viajar fuera de Estados Unidos y, lo ms importante, regresar. Es una autorizacià ³n que tambià ©n aplica a otro tipo de migrantes, pero a cada categorà ­a les aplica distintos requisitos. No confundirse en este punto al llenar la peticià ³n. Se solicita rellenando el formulario I-131, que se conoce en inglà ©s por el nombre de Application for Travel Document.   Para los   Dreamers es necesario que el permiso para viajar se pida para un viaje en concreto. Excepto si se sabe con antelacià ³n que se necesita realizar varios viajes, por ejemplo, a varios seminarios. En este caso y si se sabe la fecha de cada uno, solicitar todos esos viajes en la misma aplicacià ³n al llenar el formulario I-131, explicando las razones de cada uno de esos viajes. Adems  no se puede viajar por cualquier razà ³n,  sino por una que encaje en alguna de las siguientes: Por cuestià ³n humanitaria, por ejemplo, para visitar a un familiar cercano enfermo.Razones educativas, como un semestre en el exteriorPor trabajo, como visitar clientes, un congreso, un seminario, etc. Es decir, no se puede viajar por vacaciones. Cuando se aplica enviar, adems del pago, la documentacià ³n que se pide. Tener en cuenta que si DACA fue aprobado por el Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS) se necesita adjuntar una copia del documento que se conoce como I-797 Notice of Action, que es la carta en la que se notifica la aprobacià ³n de la Accià ³n Diferida. Por el contrario  si fue ICE quien concedià ³ la accià ³n diferida, se tiene que enviar la notificacià ³n de esta agencia en la que asà ­ consta. Documentos para el viaje de salida desde  Estados Unidos Hay dos posibles situaciones: Si un Dreamer viaja a su propio paà ­s, necesita el pasaporte de su paà ­s que debe ser vlido por al menos otros seis meses. Adems, necesita llevar el permiso de viaje aprobado.Por el contrario, si viaja a un tercer paà ­s, deber adems asegurarse de si necesita solicitar visa antes de viajar a ese paà ­s. Por ejemplo, para viajar a paà ­ses como Italia, Espaà ±a, Francia o Alemania, los cubanos y bolivianos necesitan visa Schengen. Si se viaja a Mà ©xico, un destino muy comà ºn desde los Estados Unidos, un buen nà ºmero de paà ­ses necesitan la visa, como por ejemplo Repà ºblica Dominicana, Guatemala, El Salvador o Cuba. Consultar siempre antes de viajar con la pgina web de la embajada del paà ­s que se desea visitar. Por supuesto no se necesita un permiso de viaje advance parole para dentro de los Estados Unidos, incluidos los estados de Hawaii y Alaska y el avià ³n. Y tambià ©n se puede ir sin problemas a los miembros de la Commonwealth de los Estados Unidos, como Puerto Rico, Guam, Samoa o Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas. Cà ³mo es el regreso a Estados Unidos para Dreamers con permiso para viajar Se puede ingresar por avià ³n, barco o por una frontera terrestre. Hay que esperar un control migratorio por parte de un agente de la CBP y otro aduanero, que pueden ser muy rpidos. Estos son los documentos necesarios: Pasaporte sin expirar con una validez mà ­nima de seis mesesEl premiso de viaje aprobado Adems  se recomienda llevar: Permiso de trabajo, si se tieneLicencia de manejar, si se tieneCopia del documento en el que USCIS aprobà ³ la peticià ³n de DACATodos los documentos que sirvan para probar la razà ³n del viaje al extranjero (invitacià ³n a Congresos, documentos mà ©dicos de situacià ³n de un familiar muy cercano, transcripciones de estudios, etc). Y por supuesto no est dems tener siempre a mano el telà ©fono de un abogado migratorio de confianza. Adems, por precaucià ³n dejar siempre una copia en casa en los Estados Unidos de todos esos documentos. En caso de robo, extravà ­o o problemas migratorios siempre est bien tener una copia donde aparecen datos como los nà ºmeros que lo identifican, fechas de aprobacià ³n, expiracià ³n, etc. El oficial migratorio har como mà ­nimo una pregunta. Cabe esperar que se refiera a la razà ³n del viaje, tiempo que se permanecià ³ fuera de los Estados Unidos, quà © se hace aquà ­, etc. Este es un listado de preguntas comunes a cualquier persona que llega  a un control migratorio  de los Estados Unidos.   Despuà ©s se pasar por un control aduanero. Quà © hay que tener en cuenta para no tener problemas con  permiso para viajar Estos son los consejos que se deben seguir: 1. Absolutamente sà ³lo permanecer fuera de los Estados Unidos dentro de las fechas aprobadas en el permiso para viajar. Por ejemplo, si se viaja a un congreso que finaliza un dà ­a en concreto, solicitar un par de dà ­as ms para el caso sorpresas de à ºltima hora que impidan viajar. Asà ­ siempre se tendrà ­an unos dà ­as de margen para bregar con imprevistos. 2. Planificar con tiempo. Chequear cundo expira el DACA que se tiene actualmente, ya que no se puede pedir un permiso de viajar si DACA est pendiente de ser renovado. Pedir el permiso para viajar al menos 90 dà ­as antes del viaje. 3. Si se llega por mar o aire, el oficial migratorio siempre estampar el pasaporte, quedando asà ­ constancia de la fecha de regreso a los Estados Unidos y, por lo tanto, de que se cumplià ³ con las fechas aprobadas en el permiso de viaje. En el caso de llegar por una frontera terrestre, es muy importante asegurarse de que tambià ©n sellan el pasaporte. Si no lo hacen, solicitar que asà ­ se realice. Asà ­ se evitan potenciales problemas en el futuro. 4. No viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos jams sin este permiso, ya que se dar por terminado DACA y pueden impedir el regreso. Pero,  ¿es conveniente viajar fuera de Estados Unidos? Hay bastante unanimidad entre los abogados y expertos en este tema para opinar que los Dreamers que han acumulado ms de 180 dà ­as (seis meses) de presencia ilegal en Estados Unidos sà ³lo deberà ­an aplicar tras consultar con un experto y entender quà © puede ir mal. La razà ³n es que puede suceder que aunque el advance parole les sea concedido puede que cuando intentan regresar a Estados Unidos y lleguen al control de inmigracià ³n se encuentren con la realidad de que se les aplica la norma conocida como castigo de los tres y diez aà ±os. Y todos los dà ­as se ven casos en las aduanas en los que inmigrantes con un advance parole en la mano se encuentran con la desagradable sorpresa de que no se les permite entrar a Estados Unidos, alterndose asà ­ de un modo significativo sus vidas. Quà © se recomienda hacer en estos casos En primer lugar resaltar que hay otros casos en los que estar sin estatus no equivale necesariamente a acumular dà ­a de presencia ilegal. Por ejemplo, la acumulacià ³n de dà ­as calificados como presencia ilegal no ocurre cuando el inmigrante es menor de edad. Pero una vez que se han cumplido los 18 aà ±os de edad, sà ­ que se acumula el tiempo. En estos casos es muy recomendable contactar con un abogado bueno experto en inmigracià ³n, y, a poder ser, en el tema de la accià ³n diferida. Y en una cita analizar con detenimiento cules son los riesgos, quà © puede pasar y las circunstancias del caso de cada uno. Y desde luego siempre asesorarse con un abogado en casos experiencias de arrestos, deportaciones previas, posibilidad de tener una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente o estar en el medio de un proceso de este tipo. Informacià ³n de interà ©s para Dreamers que desean viajar a otro paà ­s La US-Mexico Foundation est convocando anualmente programas, como Dreamers without Borders, para viajar a Mà ©xico a mexicanos con DACA que nunca han estado en su paà ­s desde que ingresaron a los Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os.   Finalmente  los interesados en las experiencias de otros Dreamers con advance parole, se puede consultar la pgina de Facebook Traveling Abroad with DACA. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.